Juvenile dystonia and tardive dyskinesia.

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The male sex is more at risk for a central motor disorder called dystonia (abnormal postures due to a brain disorder),  especially the variants with juvenile onset (2.4:1).    Tics are frequently present.  The disorder can be iatrogenic (caused by medication,  usually neuroleptic, i.e., antipsychotic) or can be idiopathic (the cause is biological and seems limited to the individual,  i.e., is not hereditary).   Both forms are male prevalent,  but male prevalence is greater for the juvenile idiopathic form.

However,  the female sex is more at risk for a central motor disorder called dyskinesia  (abnormal movements such as grimacing, lip smacking),  especially the late onset variants (ex: tardive dyskinesia) (5.2:1).    There is a greater incidence of jerky movements (chorea). The disorder seems to be due to a hypersensitivity of dopamine receptors.   The prevalence of the disorder increases with age,  and the female preponderance also increases with age.  There are also two forms of this disorder,  iatrogenic, usually antipsychotic i.e., neuroleptic medication, or idiopathic.  It is the late-onset iatrogenic form that is the most female-prevalent.