PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS LOADED IN THE NANOPARTICLE DELIVERY SYSTEMS

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 One of the properties to be taken into consideration for a successful nanoparticle drug delivery system is its high loading capacity. This feature is necessary to reduce the volume of the carrier molecules required for administration. The loading of pharmaceutical ingredient in the delivery systems can be performed by two methods: i) Incorporation method: Integrate the drug at the time of nanoparticles production or polymerization in the presence of the drug. This technique is known as incorporation method. ii) Adsorption method:   in this method, adsorbing the drug by particles can be performed by incubation in solution.

Drug adsorption is depended on the affinity of the drug to the polymer dispersed in the polymer matrix in the form of a solid solution (123).  It has been recorded that the majority of drugs are being entrapped by the incorporation method (124, 125). Additionally, other than the above two methods, another new method of drug loading was proposed by Yoo et al. (126) for the water-soluble drugs. In this method, drug was placed into nanoparticles where doxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared for the experiment.

Drug loading is related with the amount of drug bound per mass (generally moles of drug per mg nanocarrier) and represented on a percentage basis. Drug loading is influenced by the type of surface-active materials and stabilizers (127) present. The adsorption of unlike psycho-pharmacological agents onto NPs of poly (isobutylcyanoacrylate), PIBCA, has been studied using different pH range (128). However, several studies demonstrated that the employment of ionic interface between the drug and matrix materials is one of the successful ways to boost the drug loading (129, 130). The ionic interaction is inversely relative to the distance between the two charged atoms, and also related to the nature of the environment. This enhances the effect of an ionic interaction. This interaction seems to be most important preliminary interaction as the drug enters the binding site. One example is mesoporous nano materials. It was found that mesoporous SBA-15 is more significant for the adsorption and release of BSA. This is because of the equilibrium of electrostatic interaction and hydrophilic interface between BSA and SBA-15 (256).