Hormones that control of glucose homeostasis

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Hormone	Mechanism of action	Tissue
Insulin	Increases: glucose uptake by cells glycogen synthesis protein synthesis synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides decreases: gluconeogenesis ketogenesis lipolysis proteolysis	Muscle, fat Liver, muscle Liver, muscle Liver, adipose tissue Liver Liver fatty tissue Muscles
glucagon	Increases: glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis ketogenesis lipolysis	Liver Liver Liver fatty tissue
Adrenalin	Increases: glycogenolysis lipolysis	Liver, muscle fatty tissue
growth hormone	Increases: glycogenolysis lipolysis	Liver fatty tissue
Cortisol	Increases: gluconeogenesis glycogen synthesis proteolysis Reduces: glucose uptake by cells	Liver Liver Muscles Muscle, fat

Stimulated insulin secretion, in addition to hyperglycemia, glucagon and intestinal polypeptide hormones including gastrointestinal hormone-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, amino acids, free fatty acids, stimulation of the vagus.

Complex metabolic effects of insulin, it includes direct effects on lipid metabolism, proteins, and especially in connection with diabetes - D-glucose. Insulin increases membrane transport of glucose and amino acids K +, activates many intracellular enzymes. At the same time, the insulin polypeptide molecule is not able to penetrate through the cell membrane, so that all the effects of insulin are made through specific membrane receptors on the cell surface. Insulin receptor complex, it consists of α- and β-subunits linked by disulfide bridges.

High levels of insulin in the blood have anabolic and low - catabolic effects on metabolism.

Insulin resistance may develop, acute resistance associated with infections or inflammation. Resistance can be determined by the appearance of circulating antibodies to insulin (IgG) and tissue insensitivity, which is often observed in obesity. The affinity (affinity to insulin receptor) and / or the number of receptors is dependent on a number of factors; This sulfonylurea drugs, pH, cAMP, physical activity, and the nature of the food composition, antibodies and other hormones.

Glucagon - polypeptide consisting of 29 amino acids secreted by α-cells of the islets of the pancreas, secretion decreases with increasing concentration of glucose in the blood. Basically its opposite effects of insulin action. Glucagon stimulated glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and promotes lipolysis and ketogenesis.

Epinephrine is synthesized in the adrenal medulla, it stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, skeletal muscle - glycogenolysis and lipolysis, enhances lipolysis in adipose tissue. hyperproduction of adrenaline is observed at pheochromocytoma, while blood can be transient hyperglycemia.

Glucocorticoids are produced by the adrenal cortex, increase gluconeogenesis, inhibit glucose transport, inhibit glycolysis and the pentose phosphate cycle reduces protein synthesis, potentiate the action of glucagon, catecholamines, growth hormone. Excessive production glucocorticoid hydrocortisone characterized Cushing syndrome - Cushing in which hyperglycemia occurs due to excessive formation of glucose from the proteins and other substrates.

Thyroid hormones increase the rate of glucose utilization, accelerate its absorption in the gut activated insulinase increase the basal metabolic rate, including glucose oxides summer. Thyroid hormone has metabolic effects through thyroid stimulation.

STH has a metabolic effect, has hyperglycemic action in adipose tissue - lipolytic effect. With an excess of growth hormone in children education is developed gigantism, adult - acromegaly. High blood glucose feature of this disease.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone directly and through the stimulation causes the release of glucocorticoids pronounced hyperglycemic effect.