The role of the second signal system.

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Perception and analysis of signals from the sensory organs receptors and causes a certain reaction of the organism is the common property of all members of the kingdom Animalia. However, a person in the course of employment and social development appeared to have developed and perfected an additional mechanism of formation of conditioned reflexes associated with verbal signals, united in it. It lies in the perception and analysis of words as conditioned stimuli. Pavlov, studying reflex connections, introduced the concept of "signaling system", dividing them into common to animals and humans first signal system and specific only for a second person.

First alarm system - immediate sensation and perception - is the basis of GNI and is reduced to a set of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes to direct stimuli. In humans, it is more propagation velocity and concentration of nervous processes, its mobility, which ensures fast switching and the formation of conditioned reflexes. It has been found, that the animals better differentiate individual stimuli, while people - their combination.

The second signal system formed in humans on the basis of the first as a system of voice signals (spoken, audible, visible) words. In the words of the first signal contains a synthesis of the signaling system. The process of generalization word is produced during the formation of conditioned reflexes with a group of human activity.

Talking about the features of the higher nervous activity of man, NN Danilova quoted Pavlov: "The specifics of the higher nervous activity of man is the result of a new way of interaction with the outside world, which was made possible with the work of people and that is expressed in speech. It originated as a means of communication between people in the labor process. Its development has led to the emergence of language. "

Thus, considering the evolution of the second signal system, you can build a following logical chain: the objects and the objective world phenomenon - their perception of sensory systems - the corresponding reaction of the body - the desire to transform the surrounding reality to meet the needs - to unite the efforts of several members of the group to obtain a more effective result - the need for Meet for coordinated action - occurrence of words - combining them into a speech - language education system as a generalized reflection of reality, understandable to all members of a given group of people.

The qualitative difference between the second signal system connections from the first is that the word, although it is a real physical stimulus (auditory, visual, kinesthetic), does not reflect the specific and the most important, basic properties and relations of objects and phenomena. That word makes it possible a generalized and abstract reflection of reality, which is formed only in the process of communication, ie, It is defined as biological and social factors.

The first and second signal systems are inseparable. In humans, all perceptions, ideas, and feelings most designated word. It follows that the first excitation signal system caused by specific signals from objects and phenomena of the world, are transmitted to the second signal system. The independent operation of the first signaling system without the participation of the second (with the exception of a pathology) is only possible in a child to master their speech. Any training and any creative activities related to the development and improvement of the second signal system.

During ontogeny identify several phases of development of the joint activity of two signaling systems. Originally (with infants) "... the conditioned reflexes are carried out at the level of the first signal system, ie. E. The direct stimulus comes into direct connection with the autonomic and somatic responses." Conditioned reflexes to verbal stimuli appear only in the second half year of life, as the maturation of the brain and the formation of new and increasingly complex associative and temporary connections. Word is generally combined with other direct stimuli, and as a result it becomes one of the components of the complex: "... a word Conversion" alarm signal "occurs at the end of the second year of life."

Thus, it can be noted that the second signal system is developed based on a first in humans and is formed only in the process of socialization. With the emergence of human language from a new system of stimuli in the form of words denoting different objects, phenomena of the world and their relationships. The ability to understand and then to pronounce the word develops in humans since childhood in the process of development as a result of the association of certain combinations of sounds (words) with visual, tactile and other impressions of external objects. Joining the direct image of the object or phenomenon, the word identifies its essential features, analyzing and summarizing its quality; thus it carries the meaning of the image in the system of values, clear as to the speaker, and any listener. "In a word a person can gain knowledge about objects and phenomena of the world without any direct contact with them. verbal symbol system extends the capabilities of human adaptation to the environment, the possibility of its orientation in the natural and social world. "

United in particular sign systems - language - words became a powerful stimulus and control human behavior. It is now known more than 2500 live in developing language. Linguistic knowledge, in contrast to the unconditioned reflexes, not inherited. However, a person has the genetic background to language learning and communication through speech. They are incorporated in the features of the central nervous system, speech apparatus, larynx. Mastering the language is a result of learning; so the fact that a person learns the language like a native, depends on the environment in which he lives, and the conditions of his upbringing.

Language is implemented and carried out in the speech - the process of speaking, flowing through time and translate into sound or written form. This speech process has several functions, each of which affects the higher nervous activity of man. When communicative functions (communication between people) is carried out or reference to an object or phenomenon (ie attract attention to his companion), or listener motivation to any action. The regulatory function of speech realizes itself in higher mental functions - conscious forms of mental activity. The programming function is expressed in the construction of meaning schemes of verbal expression, grammatical structure of the sentence, in the transition from concept to an external expanded expression, ie, It produces "internal programming", carried out with the help of inner speech.

Thus, in human speech expressed the common features and the quality of the world, presented in all variety of specific events and feelings, and so the value of the speech for the development of human thought is immense. Generated in the evolution of verbal symbol system expanded possibilities of human adaptation to the environment, the possibility of its orientation in the natural and social world.

Summarizing the above, it should be noted that a person characterized by two types of brain function. The first leads to the transformation of signals in the immediate stimuli of different types of the body's activities pertaining to the system of specific, immediate, sensual images of reality. The second form of the brain responsible for the function of dealing with verbal symbols ( "signals of signals") related to the system of generalized reflection of reality in the form of concepts, the content of which is fixed in words, mathematical symbols, images of works of art.

The peculiarity of the integrative activity of the nervous system of the person is carried out not only on the basis of immediate sensations and impressions, but also by manipulating words. This word is not only a means of expression, as well as rebuilds thinking and intellectual functions of man, since the idea is made and formed only by means of words.