Arabidopsis mutations of genes with microtubule-associated functions

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Only mutants for which the genetic lesion has been reported are presented. This list contains sensu strictu MAP mutants, mutants of the tubulin folding machinery as well as further mutants for which distinctive microtubule-related phenotypes have been reported.

Mutant	Homology	AGI number	Main morphological and sub-cellular phenotype	Miscellaneous	Reference
angustifolia1 an1	similar to CtBP-Bars	At1g01510	- reduced trichome branching - microtubule density - elongated leaves - microtubule orientation		(Kim et al., 2002) (Folkers et al., 2002)
arl2 (titan5, hallimasch)	ARF-like GTPase family, tubulin folding	At2g18390	- mutants arrest during embryogenesis		(Steinborn et al., 2002)
armadillo-repeat containing kinesin ark2	kinesin (plant-specific class)	At1g01950	- helical root growth		(Sakai et al., 2008)
atk1	kinesin 14 class	At4g21270	- atk1-1 mutant male meiotic spindles (metaphase1) were broad, unfocused and multi-axial		(Chen et al., 2002; Marcus et al., 2003)
atk5	kinesin 14 class	At4g05190	- plants appear morphologically normal - involved in early mitotic spindle formation		(Ambrose et al., 2005; Ambrose and Cyr, 2007)
champignon (titan1)	tubulin-folding co-factor D	At3g60740	- mutants arrest during embryogenesis		(Steinborn et al., 2002)
clasp-1	CLASP homologue	At2g20190	- plants are dwarfed - less populated cortical microtubules array - mitotic arrays are aberrant		(Ambrose et al., 2007; Kirik et al., 2007; Ambrose and Wasteneys, 2008)
eb1-a eb1-b eb1-c	End Binding1 homologue	At3g47690 At5g62500 At5g67270	- helical growth - some alleles oryzalin hypersensitive	double and triple mutants reveal phenotype	(Bisgrove et al., 2008; Komaki et al., 2010)
endosperm defective1 ede1	plant MAP	At2g44190	- endosperm does not cellularize - cytokinesis defects in embryo		(Pignocchi et al., 2009)
fass fs1 (ton2)	phosphatase PP2A regulatory subunit B”	At5g18580	- no division plane alignment - lacks pre-prophase bands and cortical microtubules are misaligned		(Torres-Ruiz and Jurgens, 1994; Camilleri et al., 2002)
fragile fiber1 fra1	kinesin 4 class	At5g47820	- reduced mechanical strength of fibers - abnormal orientation of cellulose microfibrils		(Zhong et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 2007)
fragile fiber2 fra2 (bot1, lue1, erh3)	katanin p60 subunit	At1g80350	- stunted growth - ectopic root hairs - delayed establishment of the cortical microtubule array		(Bichet et al., 2001; Burk et al., 2001; Webb et al., 2002; Bouquin et al., 2003)
gcp4	SPC98-like	At3g53760	- cytokinesis defects - abnormal microtubule bundling	based on RNAi data	(Kong et al., 2010)
hinkel (nack1)	kinesin 14 class	At1g18370	- cytokinesis defects - phragmoplast microtubules do not re-organize		(Nishihama et al., 2002; Strompen et al., 2002)
ibo1 (nek6)	NIMA-related protein kinase	At3g44200	- epidermal outgrowth	GFP fusions label microtubules; interaction with ARK kinesins.	(Motose et al., 2008; Sakai et al., 2008)
kinesin-like protein for actin-based chloroplast movement kac1 and kac2	kinesin 14 class	At5g10470 At5g65460	- light-driven chloroplast movement defective	genes identical to KCA1 and KCA2 kinesins	(Vanstraelen et al., 2006; Suetsugu et al., 2010)
kiesel kis	tubulin-folding co-factor A	At2g30410	- shape defect in trichomes - cell defect in etiolated hypocotyls - microtubule orientation abnormal		(Kirik et al., 2002a; Steinborn et al., 2002)
kinesin13a	kinesin 13 class	At3g16630	-  overbranched trichome -  Golgi stacks clustered		(Lu et al., 2005)
map18	microtubule binding motif of MAP1B	At5g44610	- cell shape defects - microtubule orientation defective	based on RNAi data	(Wang et al., 2007)
map70-5	plant MAP	At4g17220	- reduced inflorescence growth - helical organ growth in overexpressors	based on RNAi data	(Korolev et al., 2007)
microtubule organization1 mor1 (gem1)	XMAP215 / TOGp homologue	At2g35630	- helical organ growth, cell swelling, stunted organs and cytokinesis defects - reduced microtubule length	temperature-sensitive alleles present	(Whittington et al., 2001; Twell et al., 2002)
morphogenesis of root-hairs mrh2 (ark1)	kinesin (plant-specific class)	At3g54870	- split root hairs - root hair microtubules with ectopic localization in endoplasm		(Jones et al., 2006; Yang et al., 2007; Sakai et al., 2008)
nedd1	WD40 repeat protein	At5g05970	- mitotic defects during pollen development		(Zeng et al., 2009)
pfifferling	tubulin-folding co-factor E	At1g71440	- mutants arrest during embryogenesis		(Steinborn et al., 2002)
phosducin 3 plp3	tubulin folding	At3g50960 At5g66410	- disoriented cell growth and cytokinesis defects - disrupted microtubule arrays	includes RNAi data,  double knock-down reveals phenotype	(Castellano and Sablowski, 2008)
phragmoplast- orienting kinesin pok1 and pok2	kinesin 12 class	At3g17360 At3g19050	- abnormal plane of cytokinesis - misoriented mitotic arrays and misplaced cell walls	double mutants reveal phenotype	(Müller et al., 2006)
phragmoplast-associated kinesin pakrp1 and  pakrp2	kinesin 12 class	At4g14150 At3g23670	- defects in the first post-meiotic division of the male gametophyte1 - phragmoplasts of the microspore become disorganized	double mutants reveal phenotype	(Lee et al., 2007)
pleiade (map65-3)	PRC1 / Ase1 / MAP65  homologue	At5g51600	- cytokinesis defects in roots - the cytokinetic phragmoplast is distorted		(Müller et al., 2002; Müller et al., 2004; Caillaud et al., 2008)
porcino por	tubulin-folding co-factor C	At4g39920	- mutants arrest early during embryogenesis - strong mutants have no detectable microtubules		(Kirik et al., 2002b; Steinborn et al., 2002)
propyzamide- hypersensitive1 phs1	similar to MAPK phosphatase	At5g23720	- helical growth - cortical microtubules less ordered and more fragmented	dominant-negative allele, knock-out is embryo-lethal	(Naoi and Hashimoto, 2004)
prefoldin6	prefoldin homologue	At1g29990	- shorter roots and etiolated hypocotyls		(Gu et al., 2008)
ran-gap mutants rg1 rg2	RanGAP homologue	At3g63130 At5g19320	- oblique cell walls in roots - cell wall stubs	based on a combination of RNAi with T-DNA insertion	(Xu et al., 2008)
root swelling7 rsw7	kinesin 5 class	At2g28620	- swollen roots - cortical and spindle microtubules misoriented	temperature-sensitive allele	(Bannigan et al., 2007)
rop-interacting1 ric1	CRIB motif	At2g33460	- misformed leaf epidermal cells - fewer, shorter and less organized microtubules		(Fu et al., 2005)
runkel ruk (emb3013)	kinase domain and HEAT repeats	At5g18700	- abnormal phragmoplast organization and arrested cell plate expansion		(Krupnova et al., 2009)
spira1-like 2 spira1-like 3 spira1-like 4	plant MAP	At1g69230 At3g02180 At5g15600	- enhanced helical organ growth when analyzed in spr1 background		(Nakajima et al., 2006)
spiral1 spr1 (sku6)	plant MAP	At2g03680	- helical growth and swollen cells - helical microtubule arrays		(Furutani et al., 2000; Nakajima et al., 2004; Sedbrook et al., 2004)
spiral3 spr3	GCP2 homologue with grip motif (SPC98-like)	At5g17410	- right-handed helical growth through recessive missense mutation - knock-outs have gametophytic defects		(Nakamura and Hashimoto, 2009)
stud1 std1 (tetraspore, nack2)	kinesin 14 class	At3g43210	- meiosis defects lead to abnormal pollen shape - male meiotic microtubule array fails to form		(Hülskamp et al., 1997; Spielman et al., 1997; Yang et al., 2003)
tangled1 tan1	plant MAP	At3g05330	- abnormal plane of cytokinesis - PPB alignment and phragmoplast attraction impaired		(Walker et al., 2007)
tonneau1 ton1	LisH domain TOF motif PLL motif	At3g55000	- no division plane alignment - no PPB formed		(Traas et al., 1995; Nacry et al., 1998; Azimzadeh et al., 2008)
tortifolia1 tor1 (spr2, cn)	plant MAP	At4g27060	- helical organ growth - cortical microtubules misaligned and later helical - altered microtubule dynamics		(Bürger, 1971; Buschmann et al., 2004; Shoji et al., 2004; Yao et al., 2008)
tortifolia1-like (spr2-like)	plant MAP	At1g50890	- enhances twisting in tor1 background		(Yao et al., 2008)
tua2 tua3 tua4 tua5 tua6 (lefty1+2, tor2)	a-tubulin GTP binding	At1g50010 At5g19770 At1g04820 At5g19780 At4g14960	- helical organ twisting and helical microtubule arrays in dominant-negative mutants - altered microtubule dynamics in helical growth background - stunted growth in a-tubulin antisense plants	tua6cys213 is a temperature sensitive allele; antisense data available.	(Bao et al., 2001; Thitamadee et al., 2002; Ishida and Hashimoto, 2007; Ishida et al., 2007; Buschmann et al., 2009)
tub1 tub2 tub3 tub4	b-tubulin GTPase	At1g75780 At5g62690 At5g62700 At5g44340	- helical organ twisting - helical microtubule arrays	dominant-negative tubulin mutations	(Ishida et al., 2007)
tug1 tug2	g-tubulin	At3g61650 At5g05620	- gametophytic or seedling lethal - aberrant cytokinetic microtubule arrays	double mutants reveal phenotype, RNAi data also available	(Binarova et al., 2006; Pastuglia et al., 2006)
ungud9 (air9)	plant MAP	At2g34680	- gametophyte defective	contains a large deletion	(Lalanne et al., 2004)
wave-dampened2 wvd2	TPX2 domain homology	At5g28646	- helical growth and impaired root waving - helical microtubule arrays	overexpression and RNAi	(Yuen et al., 2003; Perrin et al., 2007)
wave-dampened-like wdl1	TPX2 domain homology	At3g04630	- helical growth and impaired root waving	overexpression and RNAi	(Yuen et al., 2003; Perrin et al., 2007)
zwichel zwi (kcbp)	Ca2+ / calmodulin –regulated class 14 kinesin	At5g65930	- fewer trichome branches and impaired branch elongation	zwi mutants may be hypomorphic	(Oppenheimer et al., 1997; Krishnakumar and Oppenheimer, 1999; Reddy et al., 2004)

References

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