PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF INCREASING THE STABILITY intact cells to the action of pathogenic factors and stimulation of adaptive mechanisms in them at DAMAGE

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Impact is designed to protect intact cells from damage (prevention) or to the stimulation of adaptive mechanisms in case of damage (medical), conventionally divided into two groups: non-drug and drug.

Drug-effects are mainly used for the purpose of preventing damage to cells, medications - for activation of adaptive mechanisms in cell damage. The greatest effect is achieved when the combination effects of both groups.

And drug and non-drug exposure can be directed to 1) the removal, termination, reduction in force and (or) the duration of action of pathogenic factors on the cells, as well as addressing the conditions conducive to the implementation of this action. Such effects are called etiotropic; 2) activation of compensatory mechanisms, protection, recovery and cell adaptation to the changed conditions. These effects are referred to as sanogenetic (from the Latin sanus - healthy.); 3) break the links of the mechanism (pathogenesis) of the pathological process. These effects are referred to as pathogenic.

As indicated by the experimental animal studies and testing of their results on the person, the body training in a specific pattern, such as intermittent moderate hypoxia, stress factors, physical exertion, cooling, increases the resistance of the cells of organs and tissues and the organism as a whole, a number of pathogenic factors: to significant hypoxia, ischemia, cold, ionizing radiation and other agents. In this regard, training and other actions specified is used to prevent tissue damage and organ cells in various diseases and pathological processes, as well as a method of stimulation of reparative processes in cells.

The basis of increasing the resistance of tissue cells and organs to pathogenic influences in training named above, as well as other impacts is improving the reliability and capacity of regulatory systems, mechanisms of energy and plastic to ensure the cells, their compensatory, restorative and protective reactions. This in turn is the result of the activation of the genetic apparatus, and as a consequence of necessary protein synthesis, formation of subcellular structures and the formation of other changes that enhance cell resistance to damaging agents.

The majority of pharmacological agents appointed in various diseases and pathological processes, is used to causal or pathogenic therapy. The main principles of the actions that aim to reduce the effect of pathogenic effect on the cells and (or) to block the mechanism of development of the pathological process, include: 1) the degree of decline or elimination of infringements of processes of energy supply of cells; 2) protection of cells and membrane enzymes; 3) correction and protection mechanisms of transmembrane transport and intracellular distribution of the ions, to control the volume and electrophysiological parameters of the cells; 4) prevention of the factors that cause changes in the genetic apparatus of cells; 5) regulation of correction mechanisms and the integration of intracellular processes. Below are some of the principles of pathogenetic therapy of damaged cells of various tissues and organs.

In order to reduce or eliminate the extent of violations of the processes of energy supply of the cells used drugs, regulating or influencing the activity of the synthesis process, transport or assimilation of ATP energy. These include agents which provide the following effects:

- An increase in cell transport and absorption of oxygen and metabolic substrates (e.g., substances that cause dilation of arterioles, antihypoxants, agents facilitating transmembrane transport of the substrates);

- Protection and correction of re-synthesis mechanisms of intracellular transport and assimilation of ATP energy (for example, antioxidants, Membrane, agents that stimulate the metabolic processes);

- Reduction of energy consumption in the cells (e.g., reduction means the functional activity of the cells or the load on them, the drugs or blockers of neurotransmitter action, peptides, inhibitors of the calcium channel activity of cell membranes).

Protection of membranes and enzymes, cells from the action of damaging factors is achieved by using tools that determine:

- Reduction in the intensity of free radical and peroxide reactions (antioxidants);

- Stabilization of the lysosomal membranes and prevent the release of these hydrolytic enzymes (Membrane preparations);

- Inhibition of the activity of hydrolases, destroying phospholipids and membrane proteins (antiadrenergic agents, inhibitors of calcium channel activity and other drugs, either directly or indirectly prevent activation of hydrolases).

Correction and protection mechanisms of transmembrane transport and intracellular distribution of the ions, to control the volume and electrophysiological parameters of the cells are carried out with the help of drugs that regulate the transport of ions through the cell membrane, such as membrane calcium channel blockers; means changing the activity of K, Na- ATPase and others. Given that the transmembrane transport and intracellular distribution of ions is largely dependent on the physical and chemical state of the membranes and the energy supply of cells, ion imbalance correction can be largely achieved thanks to the normalization of the synthesis process, transportation and energy utilization of ATP, and by protecting the membrane device enzymes and cells (see. above). Eliminating the ion imbalance in the cell, usually accompanied by normalization of its content of liquid and electrophysiological parameters (values resting potential, action, etc. of the amplitude.). However, a number of diseases applied drugs that reduce the total liquid content in the body, including intracellular, e.g. diuretics.

In recent years intensively developed measures aimed at preventing the factors that cause changes in the genetic apparatus of cells. To this end, in addition to carrying out special organizational and hygienic measures (overalls shielding radioactive sources) are used as drugs that increase resistance of body cells to the action of mutagenic agents (mainly ionizing radiation) by protecting or reduce the degree of damage to nucleic acids and other macromolecules .

These substances are called radiation protectors (radioprotective or radioprotective agents).

Radioprotectors conventionally divided into two groups depending on their origin and mechanism of action: 1) biological and 2) pharmacochemical. The first increase radioresistance of cells in the body due to the activation of non-specific mechanisms and reduce the sensitivity of the cells to ionizing factors. Therefore they are mainly used as a prophylactic measure. As biological radioprotective used vitamins C and P, hormones, coenzymes, adaptogens (Eleutherococcus extracts and tinctures, ginseng, Chinese magnolia vine, etc.).

Troubleshooting and mutations also contribute to exposure, to protect cell membranes and enzymes, including enzymes reparative DNA synthesis.

Correction mechanisms regulating intracellular processes and integration is achieved by using drugs hormones, neurotransmitters, cyclic nucleotides and other enzymes. Methods and applications different schemes depending on the nature of the damage and the developing concerning the pathological process.

The above-mentioned principles and methods aimed at increasing cell resistance to pathogens, and stimulation of adaptive responses in damaged cells, as well as preparation examples of groups do not exhaust the whole arsenal of approaches and drugs used today in medical practice. These principles are modified with the deepening of knowledge about the causes and conditions of disease, as well as the mechanisms of their development.